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Scientific References:

  1. Krashen, S.D., 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
  2. Krashen, S.D., 1985. The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications. Longman, London.
  3. Horwitz, E.K., Horwitz, M.B. and Cope, J., 1986. Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70(2), pp.125–132.
  4. MacIntyre, P.D. and Gardner, R.C., 1994. The subtle effects of language anxiety on cognitive processing in the second language. Language Learning, 44(2), pp.283–305.
  5. Gkintoni, E., Vassilopoulos, S.P. and Nikolaou, G., 2025. Brain-inspired multisensory learning: a systematic review of neuroplasticity and cognitive outcomes in adult multicultural and second language acquisition. Biomimetics, 10(6), 397.
  6. Qi, Z., Han, M., Garel, K., Chen, E.S. and Gabrieli, J.D.E., 2024. White matter plasticity during second language learning within and across hemispheres. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(4).
  7. Witteman, J., Chen, Y., Pablos-Robles, L., Parafita Couto, M.C., Wong, P.C.M. and Schiller, N.O., 2018. Editorial: (Pushing) the limits of neuroplasticity induced by adult language acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1806.
  8. Loewen, S., Crowther, D., Isbell, D.R., Kim, K.M., Maloney, J., Miller, Z.F. and Rawal, H., 2019. Mobile-assisted language learning: a Duolingo case study. ReCALL, 31(3), pp.293–311.
  9. Lekkas, D., Cilingir, D. and Papadopoulou, D., 2021. Gamification in mobile-assisted language learning: a systematic review of Duolingo literature from public release of 2012 to early 2020. Computer Assisted Language Learning, pp.1–38.
  10. Dewaele, J.M. and MacIntyre, P.D., 2014. The two faces of Janus? Anxiety and enjoyment in the foreign language classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 4(2), pp.237–274.
  11. Saito, K., Dewaele, J.M., Abe, M. and In'nami, Y., 2018. Motivation, emotion, learning experience, and second language comprehensibility development in classroom settings. Language Learning, 68(3), pp.709–743.
  12. European Commission, 2012. Europeans and Their Languages. Special Eurobarometer 386. European Commission, Brussels.
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